whichkindoffancyhathnoparticularname，asbeingathingthatdothnotcommonlyfallintomen’sdiscourse。

Theimaginationsofthemthatsleeparethosewecalldreams。Andthesealso(asallotherimaginations)havebeenbefore，eithertotallyorbyparcels，inthesense。Andbecauseinsense，thebrainandnerves，whicharethenecessaryorgansofsense，aresobenumbedinsleepasnoteasilytobemovedbytheactionofexternalobjects，therecanhappeninsleepnoimagination，andthereforenodream，butwhatproceedsfromtheagitationoftheinwardpartsofman’sbody；whichinwardparts，fortheconnexiontheyhavewiththebrainandotherorgans，whentheybedistempereddokeepthesameinmotion；wherebytheimaginationsthereformerlymade，appearasifamanwerewaking；savingthattheorgansofsensebeingnowbenumbed，soasthereisnonewobjectwhichcanmasterandobscurethemwithamorevigorousimpression，adreammustneedsbemoreclear，inthissilenceofsense，thanareourwakingthoughts。Andhenceitcomethtopassthatitisahardmatter，andbymanythoughtimpossible，todistinguishexactlybetweensenseanddreaming。Formypart，whenIconsiderthatindreamsIdonotoftennorconstantlythinkofthesamepersons，places，objects，andactionsthatIdowaking，norremembersolongatrainofcoherentthoughtsdreamingasatothertimes；andbecausewakingIoftenobservetheabsurdityofdreams，butneverdreamoftheabsurditiesofmywakingthoughts，Iamwellsatisfiedthat，beingawake，IknowIdreamnot；

thoughwhenIdream，Ithinkmyselfawake。

Andseeingdreamsarecausedbythedistemperofsomeoftheinwardpartsofthebody，diversedistempersmustneedscausedifferentdreams。Andhenceitisthatlyingcoldbreedethdreamsoffear，andraiseththethoughtandimageofsomefearfulobject，themotionfromthebraintotheinnerparts，andfromtheinnerpartstothebrainbeingreciprocal；andthatasangercausethheatinsomepartsofthebodywhenweareawake，sowhenwesleeptheoverheatingofthesamepartscausethanger，andraisethupinthebraintheimaginationofanenemy。Inthesamemanner，asnaturalkindnesswhenweareawakecausethdesire，anddesiremakesheatincertainotherpartsofthebody；soalsotoomuchheatinthoseparts，whilewesleep，raisethinthebrainanimaginationofsomekindnessshown。Insum，ourdreamsarethereverseofourwakingimaginations；themotionwhenweareawakebeginningatoneend，andwhenwedream，atanother。

Themostdifficultdiscerningofaman’sdreamfromhiswakingthoughtsis，then，whenbysomeaccidentweobservenotthatwehaveslept：whichiseasytohappentoamanfulloffearfulthoughts；

andwhoseconscienceismuchtroubled；andthatsleepethwithoutthecircumstancesofgoingtobed，orputtingoffhisclothes，asonethatnoddethinachair。Forhethattakethpains，andindustriouslylayshimselftosleep，incaseanyuncouthandexorbitantfancycomeuntohim，cannoteasilythinkitotherthanadream。WereadofMarcusBrutus(onethathadhislifegivenhimbyJuliusCaesar，andwasalsohisfavorite，andnotwithstandingmurderedhim)，howatPhilippi，thenightbeforehegavebattletoAugustusCaesar，hesawafearfulapparition，whichiscommonlyrelatedbyhistoriansasavision，but，consideringthecircumstances，onemayeasilyjudgetohavebeenbutashortdream。Forsittinginhistent，pensiveandtroubledwiththehorrorofhisrashact，itwasnothardforhim，slumberinginthecold，todreamofthatwhichmostaffrightedhim；

whichfear，asbydegreesitmadehimwake，soalsoitmustneedsmaketheapparitionbydegreestovanish：andhavingnoassurancethatheslept，hecouldhavenocausetothinkitadream，oranythingbutavision。Andthisisnoveryrareaccident：foreventheythatbeperfectlyawake，iftheybetimorousandsuperstitious，possessedwithfearfultales，andaloneinthedark，aresubjecttothelikefancies，andbelievetheyseespiritsanddeadmen’sghostswalkinginchurchyards；whereasitiseithertheirfancyonly，orelsetheknaveryofsuchpersonsasmakeuseofsuchsuperstitiousfeartopassdisguisedinthenighttoplacestheywouldnotbeknowntohaunt。

Fromthisignoranceofhowtodistinguishdreams，andotherstrongfancies，fromvisionandsense，didarisethegreatestpartofthereligionoftheGentilesintimepast，thatworshippedsatyrs，fauns，nymphs，andthelike；andnowadaystheopinionthatrudepeoplehaveoffairies，ghosts，andgoblins，andofthepowerofwitches。

For，asforwitches，Ithinknotthattheirwitchcraftisanyrealpower，butyetthattheyarejustlypunishedforthefalsebelieftheyhavethattheycandosuchmischief，joinedwiththeirpurposetodoitiftheycan，theirtradebeingnearertoanewreligionthantoacraftorscience。Andforfairies，andwalkingghosts，theopinionofthemhas，Ithink，beenonpurposeeithertaught，ornotconfuted，tokeepincredittheuseofexorcism，ofcrosses，ofholywater，andothersuchinventionsofghostlymen。Nevertheless，thereisnodoubtbutGodcanmakeunnaturalapparitions：butthatHedoesitsooftenasmenneedtofearsuchthingsmorethantheyfearthestay，orchange，ofthecourseofNature，whichhealsocanstay，andchange，isnopointofChristianfaith。Butevilmen，underpretextthatGodcandoanything，aresoboldastosayanythingwhenitservestheirturn，thoughtheythinkituntrue；itisthepartofawisemantobelievethemnofurtherthanrightreasonmakesthatwhichtheysayappearcredible。Ifthissuperstitiousfearofspiritsweretakenaway，andwithitprognosticsfromdreams，falseprophecies，andmanyotherthingsdependingthereon，bywhichcraftyambitiouspersonsabusethesimplepeople，menwouldbewouldbemuchmorefittedthantheyareforcivilobedience。

Andthisoughttobetheworkoftheschools，buttheyrathernourishsuchdoctrine。For(notknowingwhatimagination，orthesensesare)whattheyreceive，theyteach：somesayingthatimaginationsriseofthemselves，andhavenocause；othersthattheyrisemostcommonlyfromthewill；andthatgoodthoughtsareblown(inspired)intoamanbyGod，andevilthoughts，bytheDevil；orthatgoodthoughtsarepoured(infused)intoamanbyGod，andevilonesbytheDevil。Somesaythesensesreceivethespeciesofthings，anddeliverthemtothecommonsense；andthecommonsensedeliversthemovertothefancy，andthefancytothememory，andthememorytothejudgement，likehandingofthingsfromonetoanother，withmanywordsmakingnothingunderstood。

Theimaginationthatisraisedinman(oranyothercreatureenduedwiththefacultyofimagining)bywords，orothervoluntarysigns，isthatwegenerallycallunderstanding，andiscommontomanandbeast。Foradogbycustomwillunderstandthecallortheratingofhismaster；andsowillmanyotherbeasts。Thatunderstandingwhichispeculiartomanistheunderstandingnotonlyhiswill，buthisconceptionsandthoughts，bythesequelandcontextureofthenamesofthingsintoaffirmations，negations，andotherformsofspeech：andofthiskindofunderstandingIshallspeakhereafter。

OFTHECONSEQUENCEORTRAINOFIMAGINATIONS

BYCONSEQUENCE，ortrainofthoughts，Iunderstandthatsuccessionofonethoughttoanotherwhichiscalled，todistinguishitfromdiscourseinwords，mentaldiscourse。

Whenamanthinkethonanythingwhatsoever，hisnextthoughtafterisnotaltogethersocasualasitseemstobe。Noteverythoughttoeverythoughtsucceedsindifferently。Butaswehavenoimagination，whereofwehavenotformerlyhadsense，inwholeorinparts；sowehavenotransitionfromoneimaginationtoanother，whereofweneverhadthelikebeforeinoursenses。Thereasonwhereofisthis。Allfanciesaremotionswithinus，relicsofthosemadeinthesense；

andthosemotionsthatimmediatelysucceededoneanotherinthesensecontinuealsotogetheraftersense：insomuchastheformercomingagaintotakeplaceandbepredominant，thelatterfolloweth，bycoherenceofthemattermoved，insuchmanneraswateruponaplaintableisdrawnwhichwayanyonepartofitisguidedbythefinger。

Butbecauseinsense，tooneandthesamethingperceived，sometimesonething，sometimesanother，succeedeth，itcomestopassintimethatintheimaginingofanything，thereisnocertaintywhatweshallimaginenext；onlythisiscertain，itshallbesomethingthatsucceededthesamebefore，atonetimeoranother。

Thistrainofthoughts，ormentaldiscourse，isoftwosorts。Thefirstisunguided，withoutdesign，andinconstant；whereinthereisnopassionatethoughttogovernanddirectthosethatfollowtoitselfastheendandscopeofsomedesire，orotherpassion；inwhichcasethethoughtsaresaidtowander，andseemimpertinentonetoanother，asinadream。Sucharecommonlythethoughtsofmenthatarenotonlywithoutcompany，butalsowithoutcareofanything；thougheventhentheirthoughtsareasbusyasatothertimes，butwithoutharmony；asthesoundwhichaluteoutoftunewouldyieldtoanyman；

orintune，toonethatcouldnotplay。Andyetinthiswildrangingofthemind，amanmayoft-timesperceivethewayofit，andthedependenceofonethoughtuponanother。Forinadiscourseofourpresentcivilwar，whatcouldseemmoreimpertinentthantoask，asonedid，whatwasthevalueofaRomanpenny？Yetthecoherencetomewasmanifestenough。ForthethoughtofthewarintroducedthethoughtofthedeliveringuptheKingtohisenemies；thethoughtofthatbroughtinthethoughtofthedeliveringupofChrist；andthatagainthethoughtofthe30pence，whichwasthepriceofthattreason：andthenceeasilyfollowedthatmaliciousquestion；andallthisinamomentoftime，forthoughtisquick。

Thesecondismoreconstant，asbeingregulatedbysomedesireanddesign。Fortheimpressionmadebysuchthingsaswedesire，orfear，isstrongandpermanent，or(ifitceaseforatime)ofquickreturn：sostrongitissometimesastohinderandbreakoursleep。

Fromdesireariseththethoughtofsomemeanswehaveseenproducethelikeofthatwhichweaimat；andfromthethoughtofthat，thethoughtofmeanstothatmean；andsocontinually，tillwecometosomebeginningwithinourownpower。Andbecausetheend，bythegreatnessoftheimpression，comesoftentomind，incaseourthoughtsbegintowandertheyarequicklyagainreducedintotheway：which，observedbyoneofthesevenwisemen，madehimgivementhisprecept，whichisnowwornout：respicefinem；thatistosay，inallyouractions，lookoftenuponwhatyouwouldhave，asthethingthatdirectsallyourthoughtsinthewaytoattainit。