I。IntroductoryII。EnglishPartyIII。TheRetreatIV。TheCampatTewfikeeyahV。ExplorationoftheOldWhiteNileVI。TheStartVII。ArrivalatGondokoroVIII。OfficialAnnexationIX。NewEnemiesX。DestructionoftheShirDetachmentXI。SpiritofDisaffectionXII。VesselsReturntoKhartoumXIII。MoralResultsoftheHuntXIV。TheAdvanceSouthXV。TheAdvancetoLoboreXVI。ArrivalatPatikoXVII。TheMarchtoUnyoroXVIII。MarchtoMasindiXIX。RestorationoftheLiberatedSlavesXX。EstablishCommerceXXI。TreacheryXXII。TheMarchtoRiongaXXIII。BuildaStockadeatFoweeraXXIV。NoMedicalMenXXV。ISendtoGodokoroforReinforcementsXXVI。ArrivalofM’Tese’sEnvoysXXVII。CONCLUSION

AppendixIndexPREFACE。

AnintervaloffiveyearshaselapsedsincetheterminationofmyengagementintheserviceofHisHighnesstheKhediveofEgypt，”tosuppresstheslave-huntersofCentralAfrica，andtoannexthecountriesconstitutingtheNileBasin，withtheobjectofopeningthosesavageregionstolegitimatecommerceandestablishingapermanentgovernment。”

Thisvolume——”Ismailia”——givesanaccuratedescriptionofthesalientpointsoftheexpedition。Mythanksareduetothepublicforthekindreceptionofthework，andforthegeneralappreciationofthespiritwhichpromptedmetoundertakeamissionsoutterlyopposedtotheEgyptianideasof1869-1873；atatimewhennoEnglishmanhadheldahighcommand，whenrivalconsulateswerestrugglingforparamountinfluence，whenthenativeofficialswerejealousofforeigninterference，anditappearedthatslaveryandtheslavetradeoftheWhiteNilewereinstitutionsalmostnecessarytotheexistenceofEgyptiansociety。

Itwasobvioustoallobserversthatanattackupontheslave-dealingandslave-huntingestablishmentsofEgyptbyaforeigner——anEnglishman——wouldbeequaltoaraiduponahornets’nest，thatalleffortstosuppresstheold-establishedtrafficinnegroslaveswouldbeencounteredwithadeterminedopposition，andthattheprimeagentandleaderofsuchanexpeditionmustberegarded”withhatred，malice，andalluncharitableness。”Atthatperiod(1869)thehighestauthoritieswereadversetotheattempt。AnofficialnoticewasdespatchedfromtheBritishForeignOfficetotheConsul-GeneralofEgyptthatBritishsubjectsbelongingtoSirSamuelBaker’sexpeditionmustnotexpectthesupportoftheirgovernmentintheeventofcomplications。TheenterprisewasgenerallyregardedaschimericalinEurope，withhostilityinEgypt，butwithsympathyinAmerica。

Thosewhohaveread”Ismailia”mayhavefeltsomedespondency。Althoughtheslave-huntersweredrivenoutoftheterritoryundermycommand，therewereneverthelessvasttractsofcountrythroughwhichnewroutescouldbeopenedfortheslavecaravanstoavoidthecruisingsteamersontheWhiteNile，andthusdefeatthegovernment。TheSultanofDarfurofferedanasylumandasecurepassageforallslavesandtheircaptorswhocouldnolongerventurewithinthenewboundariesofEgypt。Itwasevidentthattheresultoftheexpeditionundermycommandwasadeath-blowtotheslavetrade，iftheKhedivewasdeterminedtopersistinitsdestruction。Ihadsimplyachievedthesuccessofafoundationforaradicalreformintheso-calledcommerceoftheWhiteNile。Thegovernmenthadbeenestablishedthroughoutthenewly-acquiredterritories，whichwereoccupiedbymilitarypositionsgarrisonedwithregulartroops，andallthosedistrictswereabsolutelypurgedfromtheslave-hunters。InthisconditionIresignedmycommand，asthefirstactwasaccomplished。ThefuturewoulddependuponthesincerityoftheKhedive，andupontheabilityandintegrityofmysuccessor。

ItpleasedmanypeopleandsomemembersofthepressinEnglandtodisbelievethesincerityoftheKhedive。HewasaccusedofannexationunderthepretextofsuppressingthevastorganizationoftheWhiteNileslave-trade。ItwasfreelystatedthatanEnglishmanwasplacedincommandbecauseanEgyptiancouldnotbereliedupontosucceed，butthatthegreedofnewterritorywastheactualandsoleobjectoftheexpedition，andthattheslave-tradewouldreappearinstupendousactivitywhentheEnglishpersonalinfluenceshouldbewithdrawn。SuchunsympatheticexpressionsmusthavebeenapoorrewardtotheKhediveforhiseffortstowintheesteemofthecivilizedworldbythedestructionoftheslave-tradeinhisowndominions。

FewpersonshaveconsideredthepositionoftheEgyptianrulerwhenattackingtheinstitutionmostcherishedbyhispeople。TheemploymentofanEuropeantooverthrowtheslave-tradeindeferencetotheopinionofthecivilizedworldwasadirectchallengeandattackupontheassumedrightsandnecessitiesofhisownsubjects。ThemagnitudeoftheoperationcannotbeunderstoodbythegeneralpublicinEurope。EveryhouseholdinUpperEgyptandintheDeltawasdependentuponslaveservice；thefieldsintheSoudanwerecultivatedbyslaves；thewomenintheharemsofbothrichandmiddleclasswereattendedbyslaves；thepoorerArabwoman’sambitionwastopossessaslave；infact，Egyptiansocietywithoutslaveswouldbelikeacarriagedevoidofwheels——itcouldnotproceed。

Theslavesweregenerallywelltreatedbytheirowners；thebrutalitylayintheircapture，withtheattendantlawlessnessandmurders；butthatwasfaraway，andtheslaveproprietorsofEgypthadnotwitnessedthemiseriesofthewearymarchesofthedistantcaravans。Theypurchasedslaves，taughtthemtheirduties，fedandclothedthem——theywerehappy；whyshouldtheKhediveofEgyptprohibitthetrafficandthusdisturbeveryhouseholdinhisterritory?

ThereisnoHydeParkorTrafalgarSquareinEgypt，therearenoagitatorsnoropen-airmeetings，fortunatelyforthemodernruler，orhewouldhavehadanunpleasantexpressionofthepopularsentimentatthecloseofmyadministration。Thebreak-upoftheWhiteNileslave-tradeinvolvedthedepressionoftradeinKhartoum，asthemarkethadsuppliedthelargebandsofslave-hunters。TheivoryofthenumerousadventurersstillremainedintheWhiteNilestations，astheyfearedconfiscationshouldtheirvesselsbecapturedwiththeeveraccompanyingslavecargo。

ThuslittleivoryarrivedatKhartoumtomeetthedebtsofthetraderstothemerchantsinCairoandAlexandria。TheseowedManchesterandLiverpoolforcalicoessupplied，whichhadbeenforwardedtotheSoudan。

ThedirectblowattheWhiteNileslave-tradewasanindirectattackuponthecommerceofthecountry，whichwasinseparablyconnectedwiththedemandoftheSoudanemployersofbrigands。

ThisslightoutlineofthesituationwillexhibitthedifficultiesoftheKhediveinhisthanklessandHerculeantaskofcleansingtheAugeanstables。Heincurredthewrathofgeneraldiscontent；hisownofficialsaccusedhimofdesertingtheMahommedancauseforthesakeofEuropeanKudos，andwhilehesacrificedhispopularityinEgypt，hispolicywasmisconstruedbythepowershehadsoughttogratify。Hewasaccusedofcivilizing”throughthemediumoffireandsword”bythesameEnglishjournalswhicharenowextollingtheprowessoftheBritisharmsinCaffrariaandthenewly-annexedTransvaal！

Inthisequivocalpositionitwouldhavebeennaturaleithertohaveabandonedtheenterpriseattheterminationofmyownengagement，ortohaveplacedaMahommedanofficerinchargeofthenewprovinces。Insteadofthis，HisHighnessadheredmoststrictlytohisoriginaldetermination，andtoprovehissincerityheentrustedthecommandtoanEnglishofficerofhighreputation，notonlyformilitarycapacity，butforapeculiarattributeofself-sacrificeanddevotion。ColonelC。E。

Gordon，R。E。，C。B。，wasappointedGovernor-GeneraloftheSoudanandequatorialdistricts，withsupremepower。

ThisappointmentextinguishedthedelusionswhichhadbeennourishedbytheSoudanauthorities，”thatattheexpirationofBakerPacha’srulethegoodoldtimesofslaveryandlawlessnesswouldreturn。”Therewasnolongeranyhope；theslave-tradewassuppressed，andthefoundationwaslaidfortheintroductionofEuropeanideasandcivilization。ItwillnowbeinterestingtotraceanoutlineoftheadvanceofEgyptduringthelastfiveyears。

ThemaindifficultyinmyoriginalenterprisewastheobstructionoftheWhiteNilebytheaccumulationofmattedvegetation，whichimpedednavigation，andactuallyclosedtheriver。UponarrivalatGondokoro，afterthetediousprocessofcuttingthrough50milesofswampandvegetablematter，viatheBahrGiraffe，IhadrequestedtheKhedivetoissueanorderthattheGovernorofKhartoumshouldimmediatelycommencethegreatworkofre-openingtheWhiteNile。

HisHighnesswithoutdelayforwardedthenecessaryinstructions，andintwoyearstheworkwascompletedbyIsmailAyoobPacha，withthelossofseveralvesselswhichhadbeenoverwhelmedbythesuddenburstingofvastmassesoffloatingswampsandentangledreeds。Ithadbeennecessarytocommenceoperationsbelowstream，toenabletheblocksofvegetationtoescapewhendetachedbycuttingfromthemainbody。

TheWhiteNilewasrestoredtonavigationafewmonthsaftermyreturntoEngland，andwasclearforlargevesselsbythetimethatColonelGordonarrivedinKhartoum。

IhadoriginallysentupsixsteamersfromCairotoplybetweenKhartoumandGondokoro；thesehadbeensimplyemployedasfarasFashodastation，butastheNilewasnowopen，theyatonceestablishedarapidandregularcommunicationwiththeequatorialprovinces。Theterribledifficultyhadvanished，andGondokorowaslinkedwiththeouterworldfromwhichithadbeenexcluded。Theapplianceswhichhadbeenpreparedwithmuchcarecouldnowbeutilized。Withtheriveropen，suppliesandreinforcementscouldbeimmediatelyforwarded，andtheivorywhichhadaccumulatedinthegovernmentstationscouldbebroughttomarket。Inadditiontothephysicaladvantagesofrestoredcommunication，agreatmoralchangewaseffectedthroughouttheofficersandtroops；theyfeltnolongerbanishedfromtheworld，butacceptedtheirpositionasgarrisonsinEgyptianterritory。

AtGondokoroIhadconstructedasteelsteamerof108tons，andIhadleftreadypackedforlandtransportasteamerofthesamemetal38

tons，inadditiontotwosteellife-boatsofeach10tons，forconveyancetotheAlbertN’yanza。AtKhartoumIhadleftinsectionsasteamerof251tons。AllthesevesselshadbeenbroughtfromEnglandandconveyedwithincredibletroubleuponcamelsacrossthedesertstoKhartoum。

BeforemyarrivalintheSoudantheentireriverforceofsteamersupontheBlueandWhiteNileswasrepresentedbyfourveryinferiorvessels。

IhadaddedsixfromCairo，andbuiltaseventh；thusIleftaforceofelevensteamersworkingontheriver，exclusiveoftwoinsections。

Thestationsgarrisonedbyregulartroopswere——

1。Gondokoro，N。lat。4degrees54minutes。

2。Fatiko，N。lat。3degrees2minutes。

3。Foweera，N。lat。2degrees6minutes。

4。Fabbo，N。lat。3degrees8minutes。

Bythenewly-raisedirregulars——

5。Farragenia。

6。Faloro。