ChapterIV。

FATHER’SMOTHER。

FriedrichWilhelm’sMother，aswehinted，didnotlivetoseethismarriagewhichshehadforecastinhermaternalheart。Shedied，rathersuddenly，in1705，[1stFebruary（Erman，p。241；Forster，i。114）:born，20thOctober，1666；wedded，28thSeptember1684；

died，1stFebruary，1705。]atHanover，whithershehadgoneonavisit；shortlyafterpartingwiththisheroneboyandchild，FriedrichWilhelm，whoisthenaboutseventeen；whomshehadwitheffortforcedherselftosendabroad，thathemightseetheworldalittle，forthefirsttime。Hersorrowonthisoccasionhasinitsomethingbeautiful，insobrightandgayawoman:showsusthemotherstronginher，toatouchingdegree。Theroughcub，inwhomshenoticedruggedperverseelements，"tendenciestoavarice，"andawantofprincelygraces，andthemorebrilliantqualitiesinmindandmanner，hadgivenhermanythoughtsandsomeuneasyones。

Buthewasevidentlyallshehadtoloveintheworld；aruggedcreatureinexpressiblyprecioustoher。Fordaysafterhisdeparture，shehadkeptsolitary；busiedwithlittle；indulginginherownsadreflectionswithoutstint。Amongthepapersshehadbeenscribbling，therewasfoundoneslipwithaHEARTsketchedonit，androundtheheart"PARTI"（Gone）:Myheartisgone！——poorlady，andafterwhatajewel！ButNatureisverykindtoallchildrenandtoallmothersthataretruetoher。

SophieCharlotte’sdeepsorrowanddejectiononthispartingwasthesecretheraldoffatetoherself。Ithadmeantillhealthwithal，andthegloomofbrokennerves。Allautumnandintowintershehadfeltherselfindefinitelyunwell；shedetermined，however，onseeingHanoverandhergoodoldMotherattheusualtime。

ThegloomysorrowoverFriedrichWilhelmhadbeenthepremonitionofasuddenillnesswhichseizedherontheroadtoHanover，somefivemonthsafterwards，andwhichendedfatallyinthatcity。

HerdeathwasnotinthelightstyleFriedrichhergrandsonascribestoit；[<italic>MemoiresdeBrandebourg<enditalic>

（Preuss’sEditionof<italic>OEuvres，<enditalic>Berlin，1847

etseqq。），i。112。]shediedwithoutepigram，andthoughinperfectsimplecourage，withthereverseoflevity。

Here，atfirsthand，isthespecificaccountofthatevent；

which，asitisbriefandindisputable，wemayaswellfishfromtheimbroglios，andrenderlegible，tocounteractsuchnotions，andilluminateformomentsanoldsceneofthings。Thewriting，apparentlyaquiteprivatepiece，isby"M。delaBergerie，PastoroftheFrenchChurchatHanover，"respectableEdict—of—Nantesgentleman，whohadbeencalledinontheoccasion；——givesanauthenticmomentarypicture，thoughafeebleandvacantone，ofalocalityatthattimeveryinterestingtoEnglishmen。M。delaBergerieprivatelyrecords:——

"ThenightbetweenthelastofJanuaryandthefirstofFebruary，1705，betweenoneandtwoo’clockinthemorning，IwascalledtotheQueenofPrussia，whowasthendangerouslyill。

"Enteringtheroom，Ithrewmyselfatthefootofherbed，testifyingtoherinwordsmyprofoundgrieftoseeherinthisstate。AfterwhichItookoccasiontosay，’ShemightknownowthatKingsandQueensaremortalequallywithallothermen；

andthattheyareobligedtoappearbeforethethroneofthemajestyofGod，togiveanaccountoftheirdeedsdone，nolessthanthemeanestoftheirsubjects。’TowhichherMajestyreplied，（Iknowitwell（<italic>Jelesaisbien<enditalic>）。’——Iwentontosaytoher，’Madam，yourMajestymustalsorecognizeinthishourthevanityandnothingnessofthethingsherebelow，forwhich，itmaybe，youhavehadtoomuchinterest；andtheimportanceofthethingsofHeaven，whichperhapsyouhaveneglectedandcontemned。’ThereupontheQueenanswered，’True（<italic>Celaestvrai<enditalic>）！’’Nevertheless，Madam，’

saidI，’doesnotyourMajestyplacereallyyourtrustinGod？

Doyounotveryearnestly（<italic>bienserieusement<enditalic>）cravepardonofHimforallthesinsyouhavecommitted？

Donotyoufly（<italic>n’a—t—ellepasrecours<enditalic>）tothebloodandmeritsofJesusChrist，withoutwhichitisimpossibleforustostandbeforeGod？’TheQueenanswered，’<italic>Oui<enditalic>（Yes）。’——Whilethiswasgoingon，herBrother，DukeErnstAugust，cameintotheQueen’sroom，"——

perhapswithhiseyeuponmeandmymotions？"Astheywishedtospeaktogether，Iwithdrewbyorder。"

ThisDukeErnstAugust，agenow31，istheyoungestBrotherofthefamily；thereneverwasanySisterbutthisdyingone，whoisfouryearsolder。ErnstAugusthassometinctureofsoldiershipatthistime（MarlboroughWars，andthelike），asallhiskindredhad；butultimatelyhegottheBishopricofOsnabruck，thatsingularspiritualheirloom，orHALF—heirloomofthefamily；andtherelivedorvegetatedwithoutnoise。Poorsoul，heisthesameBishopofOsnabruck，towhosehouse，twenty—twoyearshence，GeorgeI。，struckbyapoplexy，wasbreathlesslygallopinginthesummermidnight，onewishnowleftinhim，tobewithhisbrother；——andarriveddead，orinthearticleofdeath。ThatwasanothersceneErnstAugusthadtowitnessinhislife。IsuspecthimatpresentofathoughtthatM。delaBergerie，withhispiouscommonplaces，islikelytodonogood。OthertraitofErnstAugust’slife；oroftheSchlossofHanoverthatnight，——orwherethesorrowingoldMothersat，invinciblethoughweeping，insomeneighboringroom，——

Icannotgive。M。delaBergeriecontinueshisnarrative:——

"Sometimeafter，IagainpresentedmyselfbeforetheQueen’sbed，toseeifIcouldhaveoccasiontospeaktoheronthematterofhersalvation。ButMonseigneurtheDukeErnstAugustthensaidtome，Thatitwasnotnecessary；thattheQueenwasatpeacewithherGod（<italic>etaitbienavecsonDieu<enditalic>）。"——WhichwillmeanalsothatM。delaBergeriemaygohome？However，hestillwrites:——

"NextdaythePrincetoldme，ThatobservingIwascomeneartheQueen’sbed，hehadaskedherifshewishedIshouldstillspeaktoher；butshehadreplied，thatitwasnotnecessaryinanyway（<italic>nullement<enditalic>），thatshealreadyknewallthatcouldbesaidtoheronsuchanoccasion；thatshehadsaidittoherself，thatshewasstillsayingit，andthatshehopedtobewellwithherGod。

"IntheendafaintcomingupontheQueen，whichwaswhatterminatedherlife，Ithrewmyselfonmykneesattheothersideofherbed，thecurtainsofwhichwereopen；andIcalledtoGodwithaloudvoice，’ThatHewouldrankhisangelsroundthisgreatPrincess，toguardherfromtheinsultsofSatan；thatHewouldhavepityonhersoul；thatHewouldwashherwiththebloodofJesusChristherheavenlySpouse；that，havingforgivenherallhersins，Hewouldreceivehertohisglory。’Andinthatmomentsheexpired。"[Eerman，p。242。]——Agethirty—sixandsomemonths。

OnlyDaughterofElectressSophie；andFather’sMotherofFredericktheGreat。

Shewas，inhertime，ahighlydistinguishedwoman；andhasleft，onemaysay，somethingofherlikenessstilltraceableinthePrussianNation，anditsformofculture，tothisday。

Charlottenburg（Charlotte’s—town，socalledbythesorrowingWidower），whereshelived，shonewithamuch—admiredFrenchlightunderherpresidency，——Frenchessentially，Versaillese，Sceptico—

Calvinistic，reflexanddirect，——illuminatingthedarkNorth；

andindeedhasneverbeensobrightsince。Thelightwasnotwhatwecancallinspired；lunarrather，notofthegenialorsolarkind:but，ingoodtruth，itwasthebestthengoing；andSophieCharlotte，whowasherMother’sdaughterinthisasinotherrespects，hadmadeitherown。Theyweredeepinliterature，thesetwoRoyalLadies；especiallydeepinFrenchtheologicalpolemics，withastrongleaningtotherationalistside。

TheyhadstoppedinRotterdamonce，onacertainjourneyhomewardsfromFlandersandtheBathsofAix—la—Chapelle，toseethatadmirablesage，thedoubterBayle。Theirsublimemessengerrousedthepoorman，inhisgarretthere，intheBompies，——afterdark:

buthehadaheadachethatnight；wasinbed，andcouldnotcome。

Hefollowedthemnextday；leavinghispaperimbroglios，hishistorical，philosophical，anti—theologicalmarine—stores；

andsuspendedhisneverendingscribble，ontheirbehalf；——butwouldnotacceptapension，andgiveitup。[Erman，pp。l1l，112。

Dateis1700（lateintheautumnprobably）。]

Theywereshrewd，noticing，intelligentandlivelywomen；

persuadedthattherewassomenoblenessformanbeyondwhatthetailorimpartstohim；andevenveryeagertodiscoverit，hadtheyknownhow。Intheseverydays，whileourlittleFriedrichatBerlinliesinhiscradle，sleepingmostofhistime，sageLeibnitz，aratherweakbuthugelyingeniousoldgentleman，withbrighteyesandlongnose，withvastblackperukeandbandylegs，isseendailyintheLindenAvenueatHanover（famedLindenAlley，leadingfromTownPalacetoCountryone，acoupleofmileslong，ratherdisappointingwhenoneseesit），dailydrivingorwalkingtowardsHerrenhausen，wheretheCourt，wheretheoldElectressis，whowillhaveatouchofdialoguewithhimtodiversifyherday。Notveryedifyingdialogue，wemayfear；

yetoncemore，thebestthatcanbehadinpresentcircumstances。

HereissomelunarreflexofVersailles，whichisapolitecourt；

directraystherearefromtheoldestwrittenGospelsandthenewest；fromthegreatunwrittenGospeloftheUniverseitself；

andfromone’sownrealeffort，moreorlessdevout，toreadallthesearight。LetusnotcondemnthatpoorFrenchelementofEclecticism，Scepticism，Tolerance，Theodicea，andBayleoftheBompiesversustheCollegeofSaumur。Letusadmitthatitwasprofitable，atleastthatitwasinevitable；letuspityit，andbethankfulforit，andrejoicethatwearewelloutofit。

Scepticism，whichistherebeginningattheverytopoftheworld—

tree，andhastodescendthroughalltheboughswithterribleresultstomankind，isasyetpleasant，tintingtheleaveswithfineautumnalred。

SophieCharlottepartookofherMother’stendencies；andcarriedthemwithhertoBerlin，theretobeexpandedinmanywaysintoamplerfulfilment。ShetoohadthesageLeibnitzoftenwithher，atBerlin；noendtoherquestioningsofhim；eagerlydesiroustodrawwaterfromthatdeepwell，——awetrope，withcobwebsstickingtoit，toooftenallshegot；endlessrope，andthebucketnevercomingtoview。Which，however，shetookpatiently，asathingaccordingtoNature。ShehadherlearnedBeausobresandotherReverendEdict—of—Nantesgentlemen，famedBerlindivines；whom，ifanyPapistnotability，Jesuitambassadororthelike，happenedtobethere，shewouldsetdisputingwithhim，intheSoireeatCharlottenburg。ShecouldrightwellpresideoversuchabattleoftheCloud—Titans，andconductthelightningssoftly，withoutexplosions。ThereisaprettyandverycharacteristicLetterofhers，stillpleasanttoread，thoughturningontheologiesnowfallendimenough；addressedtoFatherVota，thefamousJesuit，King’s—confessor，anddiplomatist，fromWarsaw，whohadbeendoinghisbestinonesuchrencontrebeforeherMajesty（dateMarch，1703），——seeminglyonaseriesofevenings，intheintervalsofhisdiplomaticbusiness；theBeausobrechampionsbeingintroducedtohimsuccessively，oneeachevening，byQueenSophieCharlotte。

Toallappearancethefencinghadbeenkeen；thelightningsinneedofsomedexterousconductor。Vota，onhiswayhomeward，hadwrittentoapologizeforthesputteringsoffirestruckoutofhimincertainpinchesofthecombat；says，ItwastheroughhandlingthePrimitiveFathersgotfromtheseBeausobregentlemen，whoindeedtome，Votainperson，underyourMajesty’sfinepresidency，werepolitenessitself，thoughtheytreatedtheFatherssoill。HerMajesty，withbeautifulart，inthisLetter，smoothstheravenplumageofVota；——and，atthesametime，throwsintohim，aswithinvisibleneedle—points，anexcellentdoseofacupuncturation，onthesubjectofthePrimitiveFathersandtheEcumenicCouncils，onherownscore。LetusgivesomeExcerpt，incondensedstate:——

"HowcanSt。Jerome，forexample，beakeytoScripture？"sheinsinuates；citingfromJeromethisremarkableavowalofhismethodofcomposingbooks；"especiallyofhismethodinthatBook，<italic>CommentaryontheGalatians，<enditalic>whereheaccusesbothPeterandPaulofsimulationandevenofhypocrisy。

ThegreatSt。Augustinehasbeencharginghimwiththissadfact，"

saysherMajesty，whogiveschapterandverse；["Epist。28*，edit。

Paris。"AndJerome’sanswer，"Ibid。Epist。76*。"]"andJeromeanswers:’IfollowedtheCommentariesofOrigen，of’"——fiveorsixdifferentpersons，whoturnedoutmostlytobehereticsbeforeJeromehadquitedonewiththemincomingyears！——"’Andtoconfessthehonesttruthtoyou，’continuesJerome，’Ireadallthat；

andafterhavingcrammedmyheadwithagreatmanythings，Isentformyamanuensis，anddictatedtohimnowmyownthoughts，nowthoseofothers，withoutmuchrecollectingtheorder，norsometimesthewords，noreventhesense。’Inanotherplace（intheBookitselffartheron[<italic>"CommentaryontheGalatians，<enditalic>chap。iii。"]），hesays:’Idonotmyselfwrite；

Ihaveanamanuensis，andIdictatetohimwhatcomesintomymouth。IfIwishtoreflectalittle，tosaythethingbetterorabetterthing，heknitshisbrows，andthewholelookofhimtellsmesufficientlythathecannotenduretowait。’"——Hereisasacredoldgentleman，whomitisnotsafetodependonforinterpretingtheScriptures，thinksherMajesty；butdoesnotsayso，leavingFatherVotatohisreflections。

Thenagain，comingtoCouncils，shequotesSt。GregoryNazianzenuponhim；whoistrulydreadfulinregardtoEcumenicCouncilsoftheChurch，——andindeedmayawakenthoughtsofDeliberativeAssembliesgenerally，inthemodernconstitutionalmind。"Hesays，[<italic>"Greg。Nazian。deVitasua。"<enditalic>]NoCouncileverwassuccessful；somanymeanhumanpassionsgettingintoconflagrationthere；withnoise，withviolenceanduproar，’morelikethoseofatavernorstillworseplace，’——thesearehiswords。He，forhisownshare，hadresolvedtoavoidallsuch’rendezvousingoftheGeeseandCranes，flockingtogethertothrottleandtatteroneanotherinthatsadmanner。’NorhadSt。TheodoretmuchopinionoftheCouncilofNice，exceptasakindofmiracle。’NothinggoodtobeexpectedfromCouncils，’

sayshe，’exceptwhenGodispleasedtointerpose，anddestroythemachineryoftheDevil。’"

——Withmoreofthelikesort；alldelicate，asinvisibleneedle—

points，inherMajesty’shand。[Letterundated（datable"Lutzelburg，March，1708，"）istobefoundentire，withallitsadjuncts，in<italic>Erman，<enditalic>pp。246—255。ItwassubsequentlytranslatedbyToland，audpublishedhere，asanexcellentPolemicalPiece，——entirelyforgotteninourtime（<italic>ALetteragainstPoperybySophiaCharlotte，thelateQueenofPrussia:Being，<enditalic>&c。&c。London，1712）。

ButthefinestDuelofallwasprobablythatbetweenBeausobreandTolandhimself（reportedbyBeausobre，insomethingofacrowingmanner，in<italic>Erman，<enditalic>pp。203—241，"October，1701"），ofwhichTolandmakesnomentionanywhere。]WhatisFatherVotatosay？——Themodernreaderlooksthroughthesechinksintoastrangeoldscene，thestuffofitfallenobsolete，thespiritofitnot，norworthytofall。

ThesewereSophieCharlotte’sreunions；verycharmingintheirtime。AtwhichhowjoyfulforIrishTolandtobepresent，aswasseveraltimeshisluck。Toland，amerebrokenhereticinhisowncountry，whowentthitheronceasSecretarytosomeEmbassy（EmbassyofMacclesfield’s，1701，announcingthattheEnglishCrownhadfallenHanover—wards），andwasnodoubtglad，poorheadlongsoul，tofindhimselfagentlemanandChristianagain，forthetimebeing，——admiresHanoverandBerlinverymuch；

andlooksuponSophieCharlotteinparticularasthepinkofwomen。SomethingbetweenanearthlyQueenandadivineEgeria；

"Serena"hecallsher；and，inhishigh—flownfashion，isverylaudatory。"ThemostbeautifulPrincessofhertime，"sayshe，——

meaningoneofthemostbeautiful:herfeaturesareextremelyregular，andfullofvivacity；copiousdarkhair，blueeyes，complexionexcellentlyfair；——"notverytall，andsomewhattooplump，"headmitselsewhere。Andthenhermind，——forgifts，forgraces，culture，wherewillyoufindsuchamind？"Herreadingisinfinite，andsheisconversantinallmannerofsubjects；"

"knowstheabstrusestproblemsofPhilosophy；"saysadmiringToland:muchknowledgeeverywhereexact，andhandledasbyanartistandqueen；for"herwitisinimitable，""herjustnessofthought，herdelicacyofexpression，"herfelicityofutteranceandmanagement，aregreat。Foreigncourtierscallher"theRepublicanQueen。"Shedetectsyouasophistryatoneglance；

piercesdowndirectupontheweakpointofanopinion:neverinmywholelifedidI，Toland，comeuponaswifterorsharperintellect。Andthensheissogoodwithal，sobrightandcheerful；

and"hastheartofunitingwhattotherestoftheworldareantagonisms，mirthandlearning，"——sayeven，mirthandgoodsense。

Isdeepinmusic，too；playsdailyonherharpsichord，andfantasies，andevencomposes，inaneminentmanner。[<italic>AnAccountoftheCourtsofPrussiaandHanover，senttoaMinisterofStateinHolland，<enditalic>byMr。Toland（London，1705），p。322。Toland’sotherBook，whichhasreferencetoher，isofdidacticnature（"immortalityofthesoul，""originofidolatry，"

&c。），butwithmuchfinepanegyricdirectandoblique:<italic>

LetterstoSerena<enditalic>（"Serena"being<italic>Queen<enditalic>），athin8vo，London，1704。]Toland’sadmiration，deductingthehigh—flowntemperandmanneroftheman，issincereandgreat。

Beyonddoubtabrightairylady，shininginmildradianceinthoseNorthernparts；verygraceful，verywittyandingenious；skilledtospeak，skilledtoholdhertongue，——whichlatterartalsowasfrequentlyinrequisitionwithher。ShedidnotmuchvenerateherHusband，northeCourtpopulation，maleorfemale，whomhechosetohaveabouthim:hisandtheirwayswerebynomeanshers，ifshehadcaredtopublishherthoughts。FriedrichI。，itisadmittedonallhands，was"anexpensiveHerr；"muchgiventomagnificentceremonies，etiquettesandsolemnities；makingnogreatwayany—whither，andthatalwayswithnoiseenough，andwithadustvortexofcourtierintriguesandcabalsencirclinghim，——

fromwhichitisbettertostandquitetowindward。Moreover，hewasslightlycrooked；mostsensitive，thinofskinandliabletosuddenflawsoftemper，thoughatheartverykindandgood。

SophieCharlotteisshewhowroteonce，"Leibnitztalkedtomeoftheinfinitelylittle（<italic>del’infinimentpetit）:monDieu，<enditalic>asifIdidnotknowenoughofthat！"Besides，itiswhisperedshewasoncenearmarryingtoLouisXIV。’sDauphin；herMotherSophie，andherCousintheDowagerDuchessofOrleans，cunningwomenboth，hadbroughthertoParisinhergirlhood，withthatsecretobject；andhadverynearlymanagedit。QueenofFrancethatmighthavebeen；andnowitisbutBrandenburg，andthedicehavefallensomewhatwrongforus！ShehadFriedrichWilhelm，theroughboy；andperhapsnothingmoreofverypreciousproperty。Herfirstchild，likewiseaboy，hadsoondied，andtherecamenothird:tediousceremonials，andtheinfinitelylittle，weremainlyherlotinthisworld。

Allwhich，however，shehadthearttotakeupnotinthetragicway，butinthemildlycomic，——oftennottotakeupatall，butleavelyingthere；——andthustomanageinahandsomeandsoftlyvictoriousmanner。Withdelicatefemaletact，withfinefemalestoicismtoo；keepingallthingswithinlimits。ShewasmuchrespectedbyherHusband，muchlovedindeed；andgreatlymournedforbythepoorman:thevillageLutzelburg（Little—town），closebyBerlin，whereshehadbuiltamansionforherself，hefondlynamed<italic>Charlottenburg<enditalic>（Charlotte’s—town），afterherdeath，whichnamebothHouseandVillagestillbear。

Leibnitzfoundherofanalmosttroublesomesharpnessofintellect；"wantstoknowthewhyevenofthewhy，"saysLeibnitz。

Thatisthewayoffemaleintellectswhentheyaregood；nothingequalstheiracuteness，andtheirrapidityisalmostexcessive。

SamuelJohnson，too，hadayoung—ladyfriendonce"withtheacutestintellectIhaveeverknown。"

Onthewhole，wemaypronounceherclearlyasuperiorwoman，thisSophieCharlotte；notablenotforherGrandsonalone，thoughnowprettymuchforgottenbytheworld，——asindeedallthingsandpersonshave，onedayorother，tobe！ALIFEofher，infeeblewaterystyle，anddistractedarrangement，byone<italic>Erman，<enditalic[MonsieurErman，HistoriographedeBrandebourg，<italic>Memoirespourserviral’HistoiredeSophieCharlotte，ReinedePreusse，lasdanslesSeances，&c。<enditalic>（1vol。

8vo，Berlin，1801。）]aBerlinFrenchman，isinexistence，andwillrepayacursoryperusal；curioustraitsofher，instilllooserform，arealsotobefoundin<italic>Pollnitz:<enditalic>[CarlLudwigFreiherrvonPollnitz，<italic>MemoirenzurLebens—undRegierunge—GeschichtedervierletztenRegentendesPreussischenStaats<enditalic>（waspublishedinFrenchalso），2vols。12mo，Berlin，1791。]butforourpurposeshereisenough，andmorethanenough。

ChapterV。

KINGFRIEDRICHI。

ThePrussianroyaltyisnowinitstwelfthyearwhenthislittleFriedrich，whoistocarryittosuchaheight，comesintotheworld。OldFriedrichtheGrandfatherachievedthisdignity，afterlongandintricatenegotiations，inthefirstyearoftheCentury；

16thNovember，1700，hisambassadorreturnedtriumphantfromVienna；theKaiserhadatlastconsented:Wearetowearacrownroyalonthetopofourperiwig；theoldElectorateofBrandenburgistobecometheKingdomofPrussia；andtheFamilyofHohenzollern，slowlymountingthesemanycenturies，hasreachedtheuppermostroundoftheladder。

Friedrich，theoldGentlemanwhonowlooksuponhislittleGrandson（destinedtobeThirdKingofPrussia）withsuchinterest，——isnotaverymemorableman；buthehashadhisadventurestoo，hislossesandhisgains:andsurelyamongthelatter，thegainofacrownroyalintohisHousegiveshim，ifonlyasachronologicalmilestone，someplaceinHistory。

HewassonofhimtheycalltheGreatElector，FriedrichWilhelmbyname；ofwhomthePrussiansspeakmuch，inaneagerlycelebratingmanner，andwhosestrenuoustoilsomeworkinthisworld，celebratedornot，isstilldeeplylegibleintheactuallifeandaffairsofGermany。Amanofwhomwemustyetfindsomeopportunitytosayaword。FromhimandabeautifulandexcellentPrincessLuise，PrincessofOrange，——DutchWilliam，OURDutchWilliam’saunt，——this，crookedroyalFriedrichcame。

Hewasnotborncrooked；straightenoughonce，andafinelittleboyofsixmonthsoldorso；therebeinganelderPrincenowinhisthirdyear，alsofullofhope。ButinaroughjourneytoKonigsbergandback（winterof1657，asisguessed），oneofthemanyroughjoltingjourneysthisfaithfulElectressmadewithherHusband，acarelessorunluckynurse，whohadchargeofprettylittleFritzchen，wasnotsufficientlyattentivetoherdutiesontheworstofroads。Theever—joltingcarriagegavesomebiggerjolt，thechildfellbackwardsinherarms；[JohannWegfuhrer，<italic>LebenderKurfurstinLuise，gebornenPrinzessinvonNassau—Oranien，GemahlinFriedrichWilhelmdesGrossen<enditalic>（Leipzig，1838），p。107。]didnotquitebreakhisback，butinjureditforlife:——andwithhisback，onemayperceive，injuredhissoulandhistorytoanalmostcorrespondingdegree。

Fortheweakcrookedboy，withkeenandfineperceptions，andaninadequatecasetoputthemin，grewupwithtoothinaskin:——

thatmaybeconsideredasthesummaryofhismisfortunes；and，onthewhole，thereisnootherheavysintobechargedagainsthim。

Hehadotherloadslaiduponhim，pooryouth:hiskindpiousMotherdied，hiselderBrotherdied，heattheageofseventeensawhimselfHeir—Apparent；——andhadgotaStepmotherwithnewheirs，ifheshoulddisappear。Sorrowsenoughinthatonefact，withthevenomouswhisperings，commentariesandsuspicions，whichaCourtpopulation，femaleandmale，inlittleBerlinTown，cancontrivetotacktoit。DoesnotthenewSovereignLady，inherheart，wishYOUweredead，myPrince？Hopeitperhaps？

Health，atanyrate，weak；and，bytheaidofalittlepharmacy——

yeHeavens！

Suchsuspicionsarenowunderstoodtohavehadnobasisexceptinthewastebrainsofcourtiermenandwomen；buttheirexistencetherecanbecometragicalenough。Addtowhich，theGreatElector，likealltheHohenzollerns，wasacholericman；capableofblazingintovolcanicexplosions，whenaffrontedbyidlemassesofcobwebsinthemidstofhisseriousbusinesses！Itiscertain，theyoungPrinceFriedrichhadatonetimegotintoquitehigh，shrillandmutuallyminatorytermswithhisStepmother；sothatonce，aftersomesuchshrilldialoguebetweenthem，endingwith"Youshallrepentthis，Sir！"——hefounditgoodtoflyoffinthenight，withonlyhisTutororSecretaryandavalet，toHessen—CasseltoanAunt；whostoutlyprotectedhiminthisemergency；andwhoseDaughter，afterthedifficultreadjustmentofmatters，becamehisWife，butdidnotlivelong。AnditisfarthercertainthesamePrince，duringthishisfirstweddedtime，diningonedaywithhisStepmother，wastakensuddenlyill。Feltill，afterhiscupofcoffee；retiredintoanotherroominviolentspasms，evidentlyinanalarmingstate，andsecretlyinamostalarmedone:hisTutororSecretary，oneDankelmann，attendedhimthither；andastheDoctortooksometimetoarrive，andthesymptomswereinstantandurgent，SecretaryDankelmannproduced"fromapocket—booksomedrugofhisown，oroftheHessen—CasselAunt，"emeticIsuppose，andgaveittothepoorPrince；——whosaidoften，andfelteverafter，withorwithoutnotionofpoison，ThatDankelmannhadsavedhislife。InconsequenceofwhichadventureheagainquittedCourtwithoutleave；andbeggedtobepermittedtoremainsafeinthecountry，ifPapawouldbesogood。[Pollnitz，<italic>Memoiren，<enditalic>i。191—198。]

FancytheGreatElector’shumoronsuchanoccurrence；andwhatafurtherancetohiminhisheavycontinuallabors，andstrenuousswimmingforlife，thesebeautifulhumorsandtransactionsmusthavebeen！Acrook—backedboy，deartotheGreatElector，pukes，oneafternoon；andtherearisessuchanopeningoftheNetherFloodgatesofthisUniverse；inandroundyourpoorworkshop，nothingbutsuddendarkness，smellofsulphur；hissingofforkedserpentshere，andtheuniversalalleleuoffemalehystericsthere；——tohelpamanforwardwithhiswork！Oreader，wewillpitythecrownedhead，aswellasthehattedandevenhatlessone。

HumancreatureswillnotGOquiteaccuratelytogether，anymorethanclockswill；andwhentheirdissonanceoncerisesfairlyhigh，andtheycannotreadilykilloneanother，anyGreatElectorwhoisthirdpartywillhaveaterribletimeofit。

ElectressDorothee，theStepmother，washerselfsomewhatofahardlady；noteasytolivewith，thoughsofarabovepoisoningastohave"despisedeventhesuspicionofit。"Shewasmuchgiventopracticaleconomics，dairy—farming，market—gardening，andindustrialandcommercialoperationssuchasoffered；andwasthoughttobeaverystrictreckonerofmoney。Shefoundedthe<italic>Dorotheenstadt，<enditalic>nowoftenercalledthe<italic>Neustadt，<enditalic>chiefquarterofBerlin；andplanted，justaboutthetimeofthisunluckydinner，"A。D。1680

orso，"[Nicolai，<italic>BeschreibungderkoniglichenResidenzstadteBerlinundPotsdam<enditalic>（Berlin，1786），i。172。]thefirstofthecelebratedLindens，which（orthesuccessorsofwhich，inastuntedamdition）arestillgrowingthere。<italic>Unter—den—Linden:<enditalic>itisnowthegayestquarterofBerlin，fullofreallyfineedifices:itwasthenasandyoutskirtofElectressDorothee’sdairy—farm；goodfornothingbutbuildingupon，thoughtElectressDorothee。Shedidmuchdairy—and—vegetabletradeonthegreatscale；——wasthoughteventohave，underhand，acommercialinterestintheprincipalBeer—houseofthecity？[Horn，<italic>LebenFriedrichWilhelmedesGrossenKurfurstenvonBrandenburg<enditalic>（Berlin，1814）。]Peopledidnotloveher:totheGreatElector，whoguidedwithasteadybridle—hand，shecompliednotamiss；thoughinhimtoothererosesadrecollectionsandcomparisonsnowandthen:butwithaStepsonofunsteadynervesitbecameevidenttohimtherecouldneverbesoftneighborhood。PrinceFriedrichandhisFathercamegraduallytosomeunderstanding，tacitorexpress，onthatsadmatter；PrinceFriedrichwasallowedtolive，onhisseparateallowance，mainlyremotefromCourt。Whichhedid，forperhapssixoreightyears，tilltheGreatElector’sdeath；henceforthinapeacefulmanner，oratleastwithoutopenexplosions。

HisyoungHessen—CasselWifediedsuddenlyin1683；andagaintherewasmadrumorofpoisoning；whichElectressDorotheedisregardedasbelowher，andofnoconsequencetoher，andattendedtoindustrialoperationsthatwouldpay。ThatpooryoungWife，whendying，exactedapromisefromPrinceFriedrichthathewouldnotwedagain，butbecontentwiththeDaughtershehadlefthim:whichpromise，ifeverseriouslygiven，couldnotbekept，aswehaveseen。PrinceFriedrichbroughthisSophieCharlottehomeaboutfifteenmonthsafter。WiththeStepmotherandwiththeCourttherewasarmedneutralityundertolerableforms，andnoopenexplosionfarther。

Inasecretway，however，therecontinuedtobedifficulties。

Andsuchdifficultieshadalreadybeen，thatthepooryoungman，notyetcometohisHeritages，andhaving，withprobablysometurnforexpense，acovetousunamiableStepmother，hadfallenintotheusualdifficulties；andtakenthemethodstoousual。Namely，hadgiveneartotheAustrianCourt，whichofferedhimassistance，——

somewhatasanagedJewwilltoayoungChristiangentlemaninquarrelwithpapa，——uponconditionofhissigningacertainbond:

bondwhichmuchsurprisedPrinceFriedrichwhenhecametounderstandit！Ofwhichweshallhearmore，andevenmuchmore，inthecourseoftime！——

Neitherafterhisaccession（year1688；hisCousinDutchWilliam，ofthegloriousandimmortalmemory，justliftinganchortowardstheseshores）wasthenewElector’slifeaneasyone。Wemaysay，itwasrepletewithtroublesrather；andunhappilynotsomuchwithgreattroubles，whichcouldcallforthantagonisticgreatnessofmindorofresult，aswithnever—endingshoalsofsmalltroubles，theantagonismtowhichisapttobecomeitselfofsmallishcharacter。Donotsearchintohishistory；youwillrememberalmostnothingofit（Ihope）afterneversomanyreadings！GarrulousPollnitzandothershavewrittenenoughabouthim；butitallrunsofffromyouagain，asathingthathasnoaffinitywiththehumanskin。Hehadacourt<italic>"remplid’intrigues，<enditalic>fullofnever—endingcabals，"[Forster，i。74（quoting<italic>MemoiresduComtedeDohna）；<enditalic>

&c。&c。]——aboutwhat？

Onequestiononlyarewealittleinterestedin:HowhecamebytheKingship？HowdidthelikeofhimcontrivetoachieveKingship？Wemayanswer:Itwasnothethatachievedit；itwasthosethatwentbeforehim，whohadgraduallygotit，——asisveryusualinsuchcases。Allthathedidwastoknockatthegate（theKaiser’sgateandtheworld’s），andask，"ISitachieved，then？"

IsBrandenburggrownripeforhavingacrown？WillitbeneedfulforyoutograntBrandenburgacrown？Whichquestion，afterknockingasloudaspossible，theyatlasttookthetroubletoanswer，"Yes，itwillbeneedful。"——

ElectorFriedrich’sturnforostentation——oraswemayinterpretit，thehighspiritofaHohenzollernworkingthroughweaknervesandacrookedback——hadearlysethima—thinkingoftheKingship；

andnodoubt，theexaltationofrivalSaxony，whichhadattainedthatenvieddignity（inaveryunenviablemanner，inthepersonofElectorAugustmadeKingofPoland）in1697，operatedasanewspuronhisactivities。ThenalsoDukeErnstofHanover，hisfather—in—law，wasstrugglingtobecomeElectorErnst；HanovertobetheNinthElectorate，whichitactuallyattainedin1698；

nottospeakofEngland，andquiteendlessprospectsthereforErnstandHanover。Thesemyluckyneighborsareallrising；

allthistheKaiserhasgrantedtomyluckyneighbors:whyistherenopromotionheshouldgrantme，amongthem！——

ElectorFriedrichhad30，000excellenttroops；KaiserLeopold，the"littlemaninredstockings，"hadnoendofWars。WarsinTurkey，warsinItaly；allDutchWilliam’swarsandmore，onoursideofEurope；——andhereisaSpanish—SuccessionWar，comingdubiouslyon，whichmayprovegreaterthanalltheresttogether。

ElectorFriedrichsometimesinhisownhighperson（acourageousandhighthoughthin—skinnedman），otherwisebyskilfuldeputy，haddonetheKaiserservice，oftensignalservice，inallthesewars；andwasneverwantinginthetimeofneed，inthepostofdifficultywiththosefamedPrussianTroopsofhis。AloyalgallantElectorthis，itmustbeowned；capablewithalofdoingsignaldamageifweirritatedhimtoofar！Whynotgivehimthispromotion；sinceitcostsusabsolutelynothingreal，noteventhepriceofayardofribbonwithmetalcrossattheendofit？

KaiserLeopoldhimself，itissaid，hadnoparticularobjection；

butcertainofhisministershad；andthelittlemaninredstockings——muchoccupiedinhunting，foronething——letthemhavetheirway，attheriskofangeringElectorFriedrich。

EvenDutchWilliam，anxiousforit，insightofthefuture，hadnotyetprevailed。

Thenegotiationhadlastedsomesevenyears，withoutresult。

ThereisnodoubtbuttheSuccessionWar，andMarlborough，wouldhavebroughtittoahappyissue:inthemeanwhile，itissaidtohavesucceededatlast，somewhatonthesudden，byakindofaccident。Thisisthecuriousmythicalaccount；incorrectinsomeunessentialparticulars，butinthemainandsingularpartofitwell—founded。ElectorFriedrich，accordingtoPollnitzandothers，afterfailinginmanymethods，hadsent100，000<italic>thalers<enditalic>（say15，000pounds）togive，bywayof——bribewemustcallit，——tothechiefopposingHofrathatVienna。Themoneywasoffered，accordingly；andwasrefusedbytheopposingHofrath:

uponwhichtheBrandenburgAmbassadorwrotethatitwasalllaborlost；andevenhurriedoffhomewardsindespair，leavingaSecretaryinhisplace。TheBrandenburgCourt，nothingdespairing，ordersinthemeanwhile，Tryanotherwithit，——someotherHofrath，whosenametheywroteincipher，whichtheblunderingSecretarytooktomeannoHofrath，buttheKaiser’sConfessorandChiefJesuit，PaterWolf。Tohimaccordinglyhehastenedwiththecash，tohimwiththerespectfulElectoralrequest；whoreceivedboth，itissaid，especiallythe15，000pounds，witha<italic>

Gloriainexcelsis；<enditalic>andwentforthwithandpersuadedtheKaiser。[Pollnitz，<italic>Memoiren，<enditalic>i。310。]——

Nowhereistheinexactitude，sayModernDoctorsofHistory；

anerrornolessthanthreefold。1。ElectorFriedrichwasindeedadvised，incipher，byhisagentatVienna，towriteinpersonto——"Whoisthatcipher，then？"asksElectorFriedrich，ratherpuzzled。AtViennathatcipherwasmeantfortheKaiser；butatBerlintheytakeitforPaterWolf；andwriteaccordingly，andareansweredwithreadinessandanimation。2。PaterWolfwasnotofficialConfessor，butwasaJesuitinextremefavorwiththeKaiser，andbybirthanobleman，sensibletohumandecorations。

3。Heacceptednobribe，norwasanysent；hisbribewasthepleasureofobligingahighgentlemanwhocondescendedtoask，andpossiblythehopeofmoothingroadsforSt。IgnatiusandtheBlackMilitia，intimecoming。AndTHUSatlast，andnototherwisethanthus，sayexactDoctors，didPaterWolfdothething。

[G。A。H。Stenzel，<italic>GeschichtedesPreussischenStaats<enditalic>（Hamburg，1841），iii。104<italic>（BerlinerMonatschrift，<enditalic>year1799）；&c。]OrmightnottheactualdeathofpoorKingCarlosII。atMadrid，1stNovember，1700，forwhoseheritagesalltheworldstoodwatchingwithswordshalfdrawn，considerablyassistPaterWolf？Donesureenoughthethingwas；andbeforeNovemberended，Friedrich’smessengerreturnedwith"Yes"foranswer，andaTreatysignedonthe16thofthatmonth。[Pollnitz（i。318）givestheTreaty（datecorrectedbyhisEditor，ii。589）。]

TothehugejoyofElectorFriedrichandhisCourt，almosttheverynationthinkingitselfglad。WhichjoyfulPotentatedecidedtosetoutstraightwayandhavethecoronationdone；thoughitwasmidwinter；andKonigsberg（forPrussiaistobeourtitle，"KinginPrussia，"andKonigsbergisCapitalCitythere）lies450milesoff，throughtangledshaggyforests，boggywildernesses，andinmanypartsonlycorduroyroads。Weorder"30，000post—horses，"

besidesallourownlargestud，tobegotreadyatthevariousstations:ourboyFriedrichWilhelm，ruggedboyoftwelve，roughandbrisk，yetmuch"giventoblush"withal（whichisafeatureofhim），shallgowithus；muchmore，SophieCharlotteouraugustElectress—Queenthatistobe:andwesetout，onthe17thofDecember，1700，lastyearoftheCentury；"in1800carriages:"

suchacavalcadeasnevercrossedthosewintrywildernessesbefore。FriedrichWilhelmwentinthethirddivisionofcarriages（for1800ofthemcouldnotgoquitetogether）；ournobleSophieCharlotteinthesecond；aMargrafofBrandenburg—Schwedt，chiefMargraf，oureldestHalf—Brother，Dorothee’seldestSon，sittingonthecoach—box，incorrectinsignia，assimilitudeofDriver。

Sostrictareweinetiquette；etiquetteindeedbeingnowuponitsapotheosis，andaftersuchefforts。SixorsevenyearsofeffortsonElectorFriedrich’spart；andsixorsevenhundredyears，unconsciously，onthatofhisancestors。

ThemagnificenceofFriedrich’sprocessioningsintoKonigsberg，andthroughitorinit，tobecrowned，andofhiscoronationceremonialsthere:whatpencandescribeit，whatpenneed！

Foliovolumeswithcopper—plateshavebeenwrittenonit；

andarenotyetallpastedinbandboxes，orslitintospills。

[BritishMuseum，shortofverymanynecessaryBooksonthissubject，offersthedueCoronationFolio，withitsprints，upholsterycatalogues，andofficialharanguesuponnothing，toingenuoushumancuriosity。]"ThediamondbuttonsofhisMajesty’scoat[snuff—coloredorpurple，Icannotrecollect]cost1，500poundsapiece；"bythisonefeaturejudgewhatanexpensiveHerr。Streetswerehungwithcloth，carpetedwithcloth，noendofdraperiesandcloth；youroppressedimaginationfeelsasiftherewasclothenough，ofscarletandotherbrightcolors，tothatchtheArcticZone。Withilluminations，cannon—salvos，fountainsrunningwine。FriedrichhadmadetwoBishopsforthenonce。

TwoofhisnaturalChurch—SuperintendentsmadeintoQuasi—Bishops，ontheAnglicanmodel，——whichwasalwaysafavoritewithhim，andapiouswishofhis；——buttheyremainedmerecutbranches，thesetwo，anddidnot，aftertheirharanguingandanointingfunctions，takerootinthecountry。Hehimselfputthecrownonhishead:"Kinghereinmyownright，afterall！"——andlookedhisroyalest，wemayfancy；thekindeyesofhimalmostpartlyfierceformoments，and"thecheerfulnessofpride"wellblendingwithsomethingofawful。

Inallwhichsublimities，theonethingthatremainsforhumanmemoryisnotintheseFoliosatall，butisconsideredtobeafactnottheless:ElectressCharlotte’s，nowQueenCharlotte’s，verystrangeconductontheoccasion。Forshecarednotmuchaboutcrowns，orupholsterymagnificencesofanykind；buthadmeditatedfromofoldontheinfinitelylittle；andunderthesegenuflections，risings，sittings，shiftings，grimacingsonallparts，andtheendlessdroningeloquenceofBishopsinvokingHeaven，herennui，notill—humoredoroffensivelyostensible，washeartfeltandtranscendent。Atoneturnoftheproceedings，BishopThisandChancellorThatdroningtheiremptygrandiloquencesatdiscretion，SophieCharlottewasdistinctlyseentosmuggleouthersnuff—box，beingaddictedtothatrakishpractice，andfairlysolaceherselfwithadelicatelittlepinchofsnuff。Raspedtobacco，<italic>tabacrape，<enditalic>calledbymortals<italic>rape<enditalic>orrappee:thereisnodoubtaboutit；andthenewKinghimselfnoticedher，andhurledbackalookofduefulminancy，whichcouldnothelpthematter，andwasonlylostinair。Amemorablelittleaction，andalmostsymbolicinthefirstPrussianCoronation。"Yes，weareKings，andaregotSOnearthestars，notnearer；andyouinvokethegods，inthattremendouslylong—windedmanner；andI——Heavens，Ihavemysnuff—

boxbyme，atleast！"ThouweariedpatientHeroine；cognizantoftheinfinitelylittle！——ThissymbolicpinchofsnuffisfragrantallalonginPrussianHistory。Afragrancyofhumbleverityinthemiddleofallroyalorotherostentations；inexorable，quietprotestagainstcant，donewithsuchsimplicity:SophieCharlotte’ssymbolicpinchofsnuff。ShewasalwaysconsideredsomethingofaRepublicanQueen。

ThusBrandenburgElectoratehasbecomeKingdomofPrussia；

andtheHohenzollernshaveputacrownupontheirhead。

OfBrandenburg，whatitwas，andwhatPrussiawas；andoftheHohenzollernsandwhattheywere，andhowtheyrosethither，afewdetails，tosuchasaredarkaboutthesematters，cannotwellbedispensedwithhere。

ENDOFBOOKI

HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussiaV2

byThomasCarlyleCarlyle’s"HistoryofFriedrichIIofPrussia"

VolII

BOOKII。

OFBRANDENBURGANDTHEHOHENZOLLERNS。

928—1417。

ChapterI。

BRANNIBOR:HENRYTHEFOWLER。

TheBrandenburgCountries，tilltheybecomerelatedtotheHohenzollernFamilywhichnowrulesthere，havenoHistorythathasprovedmemorabletomankind。Therehasindeedbeenagooddealwrittenunderthattitle；butthereisbynomeansmuchknown，andofthatagainthereisalarminglylittlethatisworthknowingorremembering。

Pytheas，theMarseillesTravellingCommissioner，lookingoutfornewchannelsoftrade，somewhatabove2，000yearsago，sawthecountryactuallylyingthere；sailedpastit，occasionallylanding；andmadereporttosuchMarseillese"（ChamberofCommerce"astherethenwas:——reportnowlost，alltoafewindistinctandinsignificantfractions。[<italic>Memoiresdel’AcademiedesInscriptions，<enditalic>t。xix。46，xxxvii。

439，&c。]Thiswas"abouttheyear327beforeChrist，"whileAlexanderofMacedonwasbusyconqueringIndia。Beyondquestion，Pytheas，thefirstWRITINGorcivilizedcreaturethateversawGermany，gazedwithhisGreekeyes，andoccasionallylanded，strivingtospeakandinquire，uponthoseoldBalticCoasts，northborderofthenowPrussianKingdom；andreportedofittomankindweknownotwhat。Whichbringshometousthefactthatitexisted，butalmostnothingmore:ACountryoflakesandwoods，ofmarshyjungles，sandywildernesses；inhabitedbybears，otters，bisons，wolves，wildswine，andcertainshaggyGermansoftheSuevictype，asgoodasinarticulatetoPytheas。Afterwhichalldirectnoticeofitceasesforabovethreehundredyears。Wecanhopeonlythatthejunglesweregettingclearedalittle，andthewildcreatureshunteddown；thattheGermanswereincreasinginnumber，andbecomingathoughtlessshaggy。Theselatter，tallSueviSemnones，menofblondsternaspect<italic>（oculitrucescoerulei）<enditalic>andgreatstrengthofbone，wereknowntopossessaformidabletalentforfighting:[Tacitus，<italic>DeMoribusGermanorum，<enditalic>c。45。]DrususGermanicus，ithasbeenguessed，didnotliketoappearpersonallyamongthem:some"giganticwomanprophesyingtohimacrosstheElbe"thatitmightbedangerous，DrususcontentedhimselfwitherectingsometriumphalpillaronhisownsafesideoftheElbe，tosaythattheywereconquered。

IntheFourthCenturyofourera，whentheGermanpopulations，onimpulseofcertain"HunsexpelledfromtheChinesefrontier，"orforotherreasonsvalidtothemselves，beganflowinguniversallysouthward，totakepossessionoftherichRomanworld，andsocontinuedflowingfortwocenturiesmore；theoldGermanfrontiersgenerally，andespeciallythoseNorthernBalticcountries，wereleftcomparativelyvacant；sothatnewimmigratingpopulationsfromtheEast，allofSclavicorigin，easilyobtainedfootingandsupremacythere。IntheNorthernparts，theseimmigratingSclaveswereofthekindcalledVandals，orWends:theyspreadthemselvesasfarwestasHamburgandtheOcean，southalsofarovertheElbeinsomequarters；whileotherkindsofSclaveswereequallybusyelsewhere。Withwhatdifficultyinsettlingthenewboundaries，andwhatinexhaustiblefundsofquarrelthereon，isstillvisibletoeveryone，thoughnoHistorianwastheretosaytheleastwordofit。"AllofSclavicorigin；"butwhoknowsofhowmanykinds:

WendshereintheNorth，throughtheLausitz（Lusatia）andasfarasThuringen；nottospeakofPolacks，BohemianCzechs，Huns，Bulgars，andtheotherdimnomenclatures，ontheEasternfrontier。

Fivehundredyearsofviolentunrecordedfighting，abstrusequarrelwiththeirnewneighborsinsettlingthemarches。

ManynamesoftownsinGermanyendinginITZ（Meuselwitz，Mollwitz），orbearingtheexpressepithet<italic>Windisch<enditalic>（Wendish），stillgiveindicationofthoseoldsadcircumstances；asdoesthewordSLAVE，inallourWesternlanguages，meaningcapturedSCLAVONIAN。Whatlong—drawnechoofbitterrageandhateliesinthatsmalletymology！

Thesethingswere；buttheyhavenoHistory:whyshouldtheyhaveany？EnoughthatinthoseBalticregions，thereareforthetime（Year600，andtilllongafterCharlemagneisout）SclavesinplaceofSueviorofHolsteinSaxonsandAngli；thatitisnowshaggyWendswhohavethetaskoftamingthejungles，andkeepingdowntheottersandwolves。Wendslatterlyinawaningcondition，muchbeatenuponbyCharlemagneandothers；butneveryetbeatenout。Andsoithastolast，centuryaftercentury；Wends，wolves，wildswine，allalikedumbtous。Dumb，orsoundingonlyonehugeunutterablemessage（seeminglyoftragicimport），likethevoiceoftheiroldForests，oftheiroldBalticSeas:——

perhapsmoreedifyingtousSO。Hereatlastisadefinitedateandevent:——

"A。D。928，HenrytheFowler，marchingacrossthefrozenbogs，tookBRANNIBOR，achieffortressoftheWends；"[Kohler，<italic>

Reichs—Historie<enditalic>（FrankfurthundLeipzig，1737），p。63。Michaelis，<italic>Chur—undFurstlichenHauserinDeutschland<enditalic>（Lemgo，1759，1760，1785），i。255。]——

firstmentioninhumanspeechoftheplacenowcalledBrandenburg:

Boror"BurgoftheBrenns"（ifthereeverwasanyTRIBEofBrenns，——BRENNUS，thereaselsewhere，beingnameforKINGorLeader）；"BurgoftheWoods，"sayothers，——whoaslittleknow。

Probably，atthattime，atownofclayhuts，withdit&handpalisadedsod—wallroundit；certainly"achieffortressoftheWends，"——whomusthavebeenagooddealsurprisedatsightofHenryontherimywintermorningnearathousandyearsago。

ThisisthegrandoldHenry，called，"theFowler"<italic>

（HeinrichderVogler），<enditalic>becausehewasinhis<italic>

Vogelheerde<enditalic>（FalconryorHawk—establishment，seeinghisHawksfly）intheuplandHartzCountry，whenmessengerscametotellhimthattheGermanNation，throughitsPrincesandAuthoritiesassembledatFritzlar，hadmadehimKing；andthathewouldhavedreadfulworkhenceforth。Whichheundertook；andalsodid，——thisofBranniboronlyonesmallitemofit，——warringrightmanfullyallhisdaysagainstChaosinthatcountry，norestforhimthenceforthtillhedied。ThebeginningofGermanKings；

thefirst，oressentiallythefirstsovereignofunitedGermany，——

Charlemagne’sposteritytothelastbastardhavingdiedout，andonlyAnarchy，Italianandother，beingnowthealternative。

"AveryhighKing，"saysonewhoseNote—booksIhavegot，"anauthenticallynoblehumanfigure，visiblestillinclearoutlineinthegraydawnofModernHistory。TheFatherofwhatevergoodhassincebeeninGermany。HesubduedhisDUKES，Schwaben，Baiern（Swabia，Bavaria）andothers，whoweregettingtooHEREDITARY，andinclinedtodisobedience。HemanagedtogetbackLorraine；madeTRUCEwiththeHungarians，whowereexcessivelyinvasiveatthattime。TrucewiththeHungarians；andthen，havinggatheredstrength，madedreadfulbeatingofthem；twobeatings，——

onetoeachhalf，fortheinvasiveSavageryhadsplititself，forbetterchanceofplunder；firstbeatingwasatSondershausen，secondwasatMerseburg，Year933；——whichsettledthemconsiderably。AnotherbeatingfromHenry’sson，andtheynevercameback。BeatWends，beforethis，——’Branniborthroughfrozenbogs’fiveyearsago。Beat，SclavicMeisseners（Misnians）；

BohehemianCzechs，andtookPrag；Wendsagain，withhugeslaughter；thenDanes，andmade’KingWormtributary’（King<italic>GormtheHard，<enditalic>ourKNUT’SorCanute’sgreat—

grand—father，Year931）；——lastofall，thoseinvasiveHungariansasabove。HadsenttheHungarians，whentheydemandedtributeorBLACK—MAILofhimasheretofore，Trucebeingnowout，——amangyhound:Thereisyourblack—mail，Sirs；makemuchofthat！

"Hehad’theimageofSt。Michaelpaintedonhisstandard；’

contrarytowont。Hemakes，orRE—makes，Markgrafs（WardensoftheMarches），tobeunderhisDukes，——andnottooHEREDITARY。WhohisMarkgraveswere？DimHistorycountsthemtothenumberofsix；

[Kohler，<italic>Reich—Historie，<enditalic>p。66。ThisisbynomeansKohler’schiefBook；butthistooisgood，anddoes，inasolideffectiveway，whatitattempts。HeseemstomebyfarthebestHistoricalGeniustheGermanshaveyet，produced，thoughIdonotfindmuchmentionofhimintheirLiteraryHistoriesandCatalogues。Amanofamplelearning，andalsoofstrongcheerfulhumansenseandhumanhonesty；whomitisthrice—pleasant，tomeetwithinthoseghastlysolitudes，populouschieflywithdolefulcreatures。]whichtakeintheirorder:——

"1。SLESWIG，lookingoverintotheScandinaviancountries，andtheNorseSea—kings。ThisMarkgraviatedidnotlastlongunderthattitle。Iguess，it，became<italic>Stade—and—Ditmarsch<enditalic>afterwards。

"2。SOLTWEDEL，——whichgrowstobeMarkgraviateofBRANDENBURGbyandby。Soltwedel，nowcalledSalzwedel，anoldTownstillextant，sixtymilestowestandnorthofBrandenburg，shortwaysouthoftheElbe，wasasyetheadquartersofthissecondMarkgraf；

andanyWardenwehaveatBrandenburgisonlyadeputyofhimorsomeother。

"3。MEISSEN（whichwecallMisnia），acountryatthattimestillfullofWends。

"4。LAUSITZ，alsoaveryWendishcountry（calledinEnglishmapsLUSATIA，——whichisitsnameinMonk—Latin，notnowaspokenlanguage）。DidnotlongcontinueaMarkgraviate；felltoMeissen（Saxony），felltoBrandenburg，Bohemia，Austria，andhadmanytosandfros。Isnow（sincetheThirty—Years—Wartime）mostlySaxonagain。

"5。AUSTRIA（OEsterreich，Eastern—Kingdom，EASTERNREYaswemightsay）；tolookaftertheHungarians，andtheirvaluableclaimstoblack—mail。

"6。ANTWERP（’At—the—Wharf，’’On—t’—Wharf，’sotospeak），againsttheFrench；whichfunctionsoonfellobsolete。

"ThesewereHenry’ssixMarkgraviates（asmybestauthorityenumeratesthem）；andinthiswayhehadmilitiacaptainsrankedallroundhisborders，againsttheintrusiveSclavicelement。